Although described as "revolution against revolution," Fascism certainly did not pose itself in purely negative terms - i.e. as an abnegation of Bolshevism. Right from the outset of his political career, Benito Mussolini proclaimed Fascism to be the doctrine of the forthcoming age, just as liberalism, democracy, faith in progress, etc. had been the guiding ideas of the preceding century. Having come to power in 1933 (we are going to take a closer look at this during our next lecture), Hitler announced the beginning of the "National-Socialist Revolution" with its own program and a streamline plan to redemption.
Now, could one describe fascism in revolutionary terms? If not fully, what was so radically novel about it? In what manner was fascism distinct from the traditional Right? Are there any aspects which bring fascism in affinity with its alleged mortal opponent - Marxism? In other words, what was 'modern' about the movement?
(To give a good answer to this question, I suggest you to take a look at the 25 Points of the NSDAP (1920) and an essay "Doctrine of Fascism" of Benito Mussolini. Both files are attached to this post and are uploaded on the intranet)
"Doctrine of Fascism" Benito Mussolini
25 Point Program
Now, could one describe fascism in revolutionary terms? If not fully, what was so radically novel about it? In what manner was fascism distinct from the traditional Right? Are there any aspects which bring fascism in affinity with its alleged mortal opponent - Marxism? In other words, what was 'modern' about the movement?
(To give a good answer to this question, I suggest you to take a look at the 25 Points of the NSDAP (1920) and an essay "Doctrine of Fascism" of Benito Mussolini. Both files are attached to this post and are uploaded on the intranet)
"Doctrine of Fascism" Benito Mussolini
25 Point Program
Fascism is the movement which is based on principle,where State is the heart of doctrine. According to Benito Mussolini "The Fascist conception of the State is all embracing; outside of it no human or spiritual values can exist,much less have value."("Doctrine of Fascism").Fascist refers to the State not just as defined geographical area or group of people with common culture and language, the State is moral and spiritual.The State is the main force,which lead Nation to ethical and intellectual growth trough language,tradition and religion.Surely,Fascism as other movement is not appeared in itself,it mixs previously existing doctrine and adds some innovation. Such as Fascism rejects idea of ideal world and utopia.Fascism images world as endless fight,where individual should be armed and the main "weapon" is he.Individual should always work and develop to win this fight,which is called life.Also Fascism does not recognize democracy where nation is only quantitative index. But Fascism is democracy, where the State is free and consist of individuals,but not as the sum of individuals. Fascism recognize nation as qualitative index. Fascism extremely denies socialism of Marx.Fascist only believes in actions without even the slightest economical motive.So,we may endlessly continue to add,what "modern" in this movement. But exactly Fascism is interweaving of other doctrines,which in turn is also affected to formation of following movements.
ReplyDeleteFirstly fascism was overturn in the 20 century, it was the new fast-developing, drive-forcing ideology.In vews of Mussolimi, Fascism is a doctrine, where the main role plays a state, where admite a human being, which must respect and identify hisself, where must develop spiritually and only then all of the aspects of live will be amplified. Also fascism is denied all of movemnt which was at the period of 18-19 century such as sociolism,liberalism,democracity, pacifism, cappitalism. All of advantages of these movemnents he made disadvantages, which had not places in fascism. From doctrine Fascism was the main ideology of 20 century. If we describe with marxism and politics of bolsheviks, so facsism negaed class strugle. Religion in fascism was the main factor, which has own ethics, demonstrated most deep exhibition of spirituality, bolsheviks, vice versa, kill out a relligion from human beings. The modern was that countries which set up fascism, promote at the first place theirs states, and population who lived in these countries changed in conscientious way, promoting their positive personal qualities, then I think, it is influenced that they strted to ranke own nations to above all, consequently appeared 25 points of NSDP.
ReplyDeleteIt is important to clarify, that regarding Mussolini, who defined fascism, fascism is an action and thought simultaneously. Action and thought are mutually complementary phenomenon, where one of them flow out of another. “Fascism is definitely and absolutely opposed to the doctrines of liberalism, both in the political and the economic sphere.” * (The doctrine of fascism Benito Mussolini (1932). Fascism entirely denies Marxism. What does exactly fascism deny? It denies the materialistic conception of happiness as a possibility, therefore fascism renounces the equation : well-being = happiness , likewise, fascism denies the right of numbers to govern by means of periodical consultations and etc. Fascism encourages the State to be powerful. In the fascist state religion is regarded as one of the most profound manifestations of the spirit. Fascism respects the God of ascetics, saints and heroes. For Fascism the state is absolute, in comparison with which individuals and groups only "relative." Individuals and groups "conceivable" only in the state. Overall, fascism is a living doctrine, is evident from the fact that it arouses faith.
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ReplyDeleteWell, the Fascism is the notion that makes human to be active, to meet the problems face to face in order to solve them, it is the notion in which the strength, plans, actions, seriousness are in the first order, it is the notion which opposes to socialism and democracy, which has its own rules and rights. Nowadays it is defined as doctrine, rather than regime. It is kind of science, which is also denies Marxism, due to its aspects such a class struggle, equity between the nation, between the products and services. Fascists are the supporters of State, its functions and its aims. Furthermore, the modern of this movement is its activities’ interactions or interdependences between each other, like an activity of doctrine is also the activity of the spirit and of thought, and so on.
ReplyDeleteLet me start by considering that fact, that Facsim means - predominance of one nation in relation to other ones. The founder of Facsim, was Italian man Bennitto Mussolinni. This idea firstly appeared in November of year 1921 in Italy. So, Italy became Facist parti, whose ruler was Mussolini. Germany supported facsim, in 1933, after the winning on vote of Adol’f Gitler. The main idea of facsim in Germany was - that German is kind of elected nation whereas other nations are minor ones. German nation called themselves “ariests”, that meant pure german nation. this nation, and the ideology of fascism determines socially equal nation (ariests). Facism was against to communism, seminism and antifascism. Over 2 million of communist, fascists and jews was killied in special camps. 1939 Germany decided to control whole nation over the world, and opened a war against to Polsha, after 1941 germany come against to USSR. In 1945 Allied military and Red Army attacked Germany and they signed unconditional surrender. Nowadays majority of people gets the idea of Fascism antihummanistic, and are against such relations. However there are still exists countries that have such fascism ideology (skinheaders, in Russia).
ReplyDeleteIn real mean fascism - terrorist dictatorship aimed at the suppression of all democratic freedoms , and progressive social movements, based on direct violence , racism , the cult leader. For fascism characterized totalitarian political regime , total control over the individual, misanthropy , the militarization of society .
ReplyDeleteNowadays, more and more young people are moving away from the principle that their parents lived - fascism " is bad ." And all because they have limited access to information about the war and fascism. After all, when their parents were young , almost all the people were passed through the war , and they could tell them about it. These people have seen with their own eyes what the Nazis were brutal . They killed people , broke their fate , burned their houses , forced to obey their politics, their leader - Adolf Hitler.
Fascism - altruistic patriotism. "Live for the State" - may be the motto of fascism. The Fascist "..must be lived for oneself but above all for others, both near bye and far off, present and future."(Doctrine of Fascism, Benito Mussolini) Fascism "wants him (the fascist) to be manfully aware of the difficulties besetting him and ready to face them." and "...sees not only the individual but the nation and the country..." (Doctrine of Fascism, Benito Mussolini). Denial at once the socialism, democracy, pacifism, liberalism and individualism was "modern" about the movement.
ReplyDeleteFascism and Marxism both use patriotism to achieve the main purpose. Fascism uses patriotism for the State, Marxism uses patriotism for "proletariat".
Fascism is not as bad terminology as "nationalist". Fascism it is a revolution against revolution. Fascism we can say that it is to be patriot. To know and think that your nation is very clear, brainy,the best than others. In fascism it is important to be an individual. According to Mussolini, fascism wants man to be active,and to be ready to face difficulties. Fascism it is not for individuals only, but also for nation. Fascism is action in which doctrine is immanent.(Doctrine of Fascism, Benito Mussolini). In NSDAP program the German people demand to be their nation to be equal with others. And to describe this word, I found very good description from Paxton.Robert Paxton argues that fascism is "a form of political behavior marked by obsessive preoccupation with community decline, humiliation, or victimhood and by compensatory cults of unity, energy, and purity, in which a mass-based party of committed nationalist militants, working in uneasy but effective collaboration with traditional elites, abandons democratic liberties and pursues with redemptive violence and without ethical or legal restraints goals of internal cleansing and external expansion."
ReplyDeleteI suppose thought ingrained in our mind that fascism is “evil”, something that could not have right to exist, for me fascism always was ferule. I think it is result of confrontation between of Marxism, which was one of the main concept of capitalism, and the fascism. But it is not right, the fascism is doctrine, which covers all spheres of human life: ethical, religion, economic, political and emphasize the importance of the State. According to Mussolini, founder of fascism, everything is inside of the state. Also fascism denies conception of liberalism: “It is opposed to classical liberalism which arose as a reaction to absolutism and exhausted its historical function when the State became the expression of the conscience and will of the people. Liberalism denied the State in the name of the individual; Fascism
ReplyDeletereasserts” . (Doctrine of Fascism Benito Mussolini)
In the movement of fascism the main idea was linked to the State. For Fascism the State is absolute, individuals and groups relative. Under the State they meant only representatives of German nationality. They made a big emphasis on the fact that people should constantly be engaged in any action, especially in physical activity. We can notice that thing from these words: " Inactivity is death."Fascism totally anti-individualistic, it rejects any individualistic abstractions of human. Also from Mussolini's notes we can see the clear position of fascism about the peace. According to that idea pacifism is a cowardice: "War alone keys up all human energies to their maximum tension and sets the seal of nobility on those peoples who have the courage to face it." Fascism, in short, is not only a law-giver and a founder of institutions, but an educator and a promoter of spiritual life.
ReplyDeleteTo my mind, Marxism is a certain theory, which has concept of formation the country of definite regime. Marx and Engels showed that personality of man is not only object of influence to social life, but man is an active participant of its transformation. As doctrine claims, Fascism is a system of government, but also system of thought. Fascism appeared actually as the conception of importance of the State and conception of individuals ’interests, which coincide with the State. Fascism is associated with modernism, because is considered with individuals’ feat. This means that Fascism is composed from revolutionary ideas. Fascism became so popular, because people from middle class felt threat from capitalism.
ReplyDeleteeveryone has their own opinion about fascism, so in my opinion the word fascism defined with word nationalism. In the other words fascism is authoritarian, but not every fascist authoritarian regime. Thus, authoritarianism is a defining characteristic, but the fascist and authoritarian regime has many differences. I want to mention this words of Mussolini : "Fascism, the more it considers and observes the future and the development of humanity quite apart from political considerations of the moment, believes neither in the possibility nor the utility of perpetual peace. It thus repudiates the doctrine of Pacifism – born of a renunciation of the struggle and an act of cowardice in the face of sacrifice. War alone brings up to its highest tension all human energy and puts the stamp of nobility upon the peoples who have courage to meet it. Like any solid political concept, fascism is both action and thought, action, which is inherent in the doctrine, and the doctrine, which emerged on the basis of a given system of historical forces, included in the latest and then acts as an inner strength. "
ReplyDeleteIn conclusion, fascism system is not give a good developments for nations.
I really apologies for my late answer, I hope you will accept it. About fascism I can say, that it appeared after world war aftermath of First World War.
ReplyDeleteWhat understood about fascism is that it is against of marxism, liberalism and conservatism, but at the same time it takes over idea and practice of all three.
For me, fascism is bad, that took millions of innocent lives.
According to the ‘Doctrine’ of Benito Mussolini fascism denies the equation: well-being = happiness.
ReplyDeleteIt means that fascism denies the materialistic conception of happiness as a possibility.
Fascism is definitely and absolutely opposed to the doctrines of liberalism, both in
the political and the economic sphere.
Fascism is not only a law-giver and a founder of institutions, but an
educator and a promoter of spiritual life. It aims at refashioning not only the forms of life
but their content - man, his character, and his faith. To achieve this propose it enforces
discipline and uses authority, entering into the soul and ruling with undisputed sway.
Fascism is now clearly defined not only as a regime but as a doctrine. This means
that Fascism, exercising its critical faculties on itself and on others, has studied from
its own special standpoint.
The power and influence of the fascism doctrine is that it was able to put together a mixture of different ideas, especially of two, which fundamentally distinguished by Marxism, - Socialism and Nationalism.
ReplyDeleteNowadays fascism is defined as liberal movement in mass consciousness. Its liberal slant makes an accent on totalitarian nature of fascist ideology and the rejection of the free market.
However, there is a "well forgotten" Marxist definition of fascism as an open dictatorship of the reactionary strata of big financial capital. It's not hard to see, that liberal definition of fascism makes an accent on formal side of this phenomenon, in marxism definition - formal and content side of it, or dictatorship of the capital.
Accordingly, we can see, that fascism has similar features with the initial stage of Stalin's real socialism with totalitarian political regime, and the ideology of social democracy with the government regulation of the market.
At the same time, fascism - it is a late phase of the development of capitalism, its logical conclusion, its main "reserve". This recovery tool of the content of capitalism - to maximize the surplus value - through the sacrifice of formal bourgeois democracy.