From the vantage point of the post-WWII years, it seems easy to discern the annihilating tendencies inherent in the Nazism right from the moment of its advent to power, if not from its very origin. Yet, all through the 30's the Nazis and Hitler in particular were working hard to reassure the public of their peaceful intentions, demanding justice for Germany at best , rather than expansion. Although created in the early years of the Nazi regime, by 1936 the concentration camps (Dachau and Buchenwald) contained but few thousands inmates, most of whom were primed for release. Even with respect to the "Jewish question," the Nazis overtly preferred emigration encouraged by bans, discriminatory legislations and anti-Semitic campaigns.
With war, the regime was quickly tranformed into the murderous machine, tresspassing limits of concievable inhumanity, making virtue of beastiality and integrating death into the programmatic part of its policies. The racial utopia it had endeavored to build turned into the funeral pyre of old morality, Europe and Germany itself. "To write poetry after Auschwitz (became) barabaric," Theodor Adorno famously wrote, encapsulating - schematically to be sure - the end of the civilization with all its naive pretensions to selflessness and idealism.
The question that I would like to pose concerns the causes rather than the aftermaths. Seeing the progression of events, is it fair to say that it was the war itself launched in 1939, which, by removing all inhibitions to actions, precipitated rapid radicalization of the Nazi Germany from an incredibly intolerant regime to an instrument of mass murder? Or, shall the chain of cause and effect be reversed, with the war being seen only as a translation of internal developments in pre-1939 Germany, cast, as it were, onto the surface of the outer world?
With war, the regime was quickly tranformed into the murderous machine, tresspassing limits of concievable inhumanity, making virtue of beastiality and integrating death into the programmatic part of its policies. The racial utopia it had endeavored to build turned into the funeral pyre of old morality, Europe and Germany itself. "To write poetry after Auschwitz (became) barabaric," Theodor Adorno famously wrote, encapsulating - schematically to be sure - the end of the civilization with all its naive pretensions to selflessness and idealism.
I think it is really hard to find true answer to your question, but I can note some ideas about it. Firstly, it is obviously that the Nazi regime had some plans, related to Aliens. May be the reason of so cruel methods, was power, which the Nazism got, or may be the beginning of the war gave opportunity for creating mass murder machine. Most of the world was sure in Hitler’s victory, so nobody wanted to have such enemy and even someone supported him. German government was addicted with this idea; they more and more developed it. Different kinds of implementation of ‘sterilization’ of German nation from 'racially inferior' population were created. No one saw in these actions crime: “The Jews have to be exterminated and none of the Jews that were killed is any great loss” (Mazower, 5 chapter, pdf file, 17 page) people died in Bełżec, Majdanek, Sobibor,Treblinka and others by thousands. The overall impact of the Final Solution was summarized by Korherr in the provisional report he prepared for Hitler in April 1943. 'Altogether, European Jewry must have been reduced by almost 1/2 since 1933, that is to say, during the first decade of the development of the power of National Socialism. Again half, that is a quarter of the total Jewish population of 1937, has fled to other continents.’
ReplyDeleteMy conclusion is the idea of mass genocide if the Jews existed, and Nazis realized it. Рауль Хильберг рассматривал политику нацистов как продолжение христианского антисемитизма:
Христианские миссионеры говорили нам (евреям), в сущности, следующее: вы не имеете права жить среди нас как евреи. Пришедшие им на смену светские правители провозгласили: вы не имеете права жить среди нас. Наконец, немецкие нацисты постановили: вы не имеете права жить… Следовательно, нацисты не отбросили прошлое, они основывались на нём. Не они начали этот процесс, они лишь завершили его.
(http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0)
I do not understand question fully,but I try to answer. In my opinion, Hitler firstly was obsessed with utopian idea of " ideal Germany Europe'',and it was his aim.He did not want a war,in his speeches he never used word "war".Hitler saw a new world, where everything will be for German.As Mazower wrote "As the Wehrmacht thrust eastwards towards Moscow the Fiihrer dreamed great dreams, of 'the beauties of the Crimea, which we shall make accessible by
ReplyDeletemeans of an autobahn - for us Germans, that will be our Riviera. Crete is scorching and dry. Cyprus would be lovely, but we can reach the Crimea by road. Along that road lies Kiev! And Croatia, too, a tourists' paradise for us. I expect that after the war there will be a great upsurge of rejoicing . . . What progress in the direction of the New Europe!'"(Mazower 5 chapter,Living in historic times).The German nation was in anticipation of new time,great historical period,when word "Germany" absolutely changed his familiar meaning and became significant for people all over the world.With this dream the whole Germany lived for a long time. Hitler's management plan for the country made Germany independent as in row materials so in economy view too. German nation supported him as much as possible.But Hitler's lost opportunity made Germany unable to create "new Europe" and started Total War. Hitler's plan started to misfire,although he tried to keep country's level of life as before the war period.Anyway,Hitler's regime became as an instrument of mass murder,because expectations of Germany bright future became inaccessible.Fear gripped Germany.
As far as I am concerned, the Second World War actually began in 1939. Despite the fact that even signing in August 39th Molotov-Ribbentrop pact of non-aggression and the division of spheres of influence in Eastern Europe was only a part of Hitler's plan. As an authoritative German historian Rolf-Dieter Muller claimed that Hitler planned about an aggression to Russia even in 1938. Indeed, Hitler wanted a war, even if someone doubts about an unwillingness of the war, should know be sure that Hitler wanted a war, he wanted an USSR.
ReplyDeleteNazi ideology sought out enemies everywhere , which led to the systematic persecution and murder of millions of people , both Jews and non-Jews. And from my point of view the cause of rapid radicalization of the Nazi Germany is related to the war. We must remember the atmosphere of postwar Germany, suffering, humiliated, defeated - and yet not broken internally. The Treaty of Versailles, "leaving only her eyes to cry," so German people become poor. Difficult socio-economic situation in the country, the crisis and unemployment.In addition Hitler had spoken: "Either tomorrow in Germany is the national government, or we die." To conclude,in my opinoin the main cause is the defeat in the first World War and the thirst for revenge. The desire to revive the great Germany.
ReplyDeleteThe reasons and consequences of 1938-1939 caused the World War II. Therefore, this period of time represents the great political interest for a large number of people. It is known that Europe entered into the prewar political crisis in these years. For example, the Civil war in Spain in 1936, the Munich agreement, which became the culmination of a prewar policy of appeasement of Germany pursued by England and France. The great-power policy of domination serves was the main reason for prewar political crises and a risk of war. In this case, Hitler’s dominating policy. His aim was to establish the dominance of Germany not only in Europe, but also around the world. For this reason, I tend to believe that it is fair to say that it was the REAL WAR itself launched in 1939. And Hitler wanted pre-1939 Germany would have casted into the surface of the outer world.
ReplyDeleteThere was construction and use of its armed forces, preparation of battlefields in Germany by September 1939. Therefore, the popular belief that the Hitler command had no "the general plan of war" to this time would be true to consider unreasonable.
I suppose that all actions of the Nazi Germany were provided before the war started. The projects and missions, which were assigned by Hitler, were ready to attack. That is, the most of the camps were built for the purpose of mass destruction of the opposite forces. On the other side, camps were great resource of labor force. So the number of camps increased, which was sign of some kind of productivity in labor force. I mean that camps were the essential part of the Nazi Germany. However, the theme of concentration camps is not explored up to the end. Did the concentration camps exist before the Nazi Germany? Nevertheless, the concentration camps were terrible misdeed of the Nazi Germany.
ReplyDeleteOne of the main aims of Nazis were the creation of the ideal body of the German nation. Nuremberg Laws helped them to make this real. Sterilization, involuntary euthanasia... then by the radicalization of Nazi regime the number of victims of "cleansing" increased. Most of the concentration camps in Germany were founded in 1933, but an universe of camps began in 1938. During the war the violence of Nazis was continued. Before the beginning of the war the prisoners were mostly Jews, and with the beginning of the war there were a large number of Poles, French, Soviet. The number of prisoners increased from 25,000 to 100,000 in 1942. 2,5 million Soviet prisoners were killed in concentration camps. 14 million people died in concentration camps. The total number of Nazi regime victims is still unknown, because it is higher than the number of camp victims. Perhaps Nazis feared that their enemies not just from the outside, but also within their country. But this is not an excuse for them.
ReplyDeleteI think that the Nazi regime provoked the Second World War. Hitler was inspired by his success at home, because he could encourage exhausted Germans by his scared, but confident speeches. He gave them a hope and faith in a better future, which was possible only under Nazi order. People believed him and that fact made him stronger and more confident in his position: "I expect that after the war there will be a great upsurge of rejoicing . . . What progress in the direction of the New Europe!...In the course of its thousand-year past the Reich has already proved ... it alone is called to resolve the problem of restoring order in central Europe". Of course, this turn of events has attracted the attention of other countries. They started to have doubts concerning whether democracy and liberalism had lost their positions and topicality. In "The fall of France" Waldeck showed her more positive attitude rather than cautious, she wrote:"formed the climax to twenty years of failure of the promises of democracy to handle unemployment, inflation, deflation, labour unrest, party egoism and what not. Europe, tired of herself, and doubtful of the principles she had been living by, felt almost relieved to have everything settled . . .Hitler, Europe felt, was a smart guy - disagreeable but smart. He had gone far in making his country strong, why not try it his way? That's how Europeans felt in this summer of 1940." However, people changed their opinions after two to three months. Maybe Hitler had not guessed that the scale of this war would have been so significant. But he never hid his desire for the power in other countries: "The beauties of the Crimea, which we shall make accessible by means of an autobahn - for us Germans, that will be our Riviera. Crete is scorching and dry. Cyprus would be lovely, but we can reach the Crimea by road. Along that road lies Kiev! And Croatia, too, a tourists' paradise for us".
ReplyDeleteTo my mind, all the activities of Nazi Germany in 1936-1939 had an aggressive character, and there were some preconditions to the beginning of the war. For example, from 1934 Germany’s economy which is called the Nazis’ ‘war economy’ was deliberately organized to operate during the war. So the German economy of that time was fully mobilized for the war. Also, capture and invasions in different countries such as Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia etc. and Munich Agreement strengthened Nazi Germany. And by that time, it was obvious that Germany would not dwell on this and continue to make the grade.
ReplyDeleteTiranizm Hitler was raised from childhood, he experienced the death of his mother in his eyes . This has caused hatred of Jews in the first place . Since he was an excellent orator , he pulled up for a whole nation , he started with a small audience and finished the entire country. During the first world title when he was a corporal, he was very lucky because there were cases when it is ridiculous survived . It instilled in him that what he had become . You claim that the war started by itself , I disagree with you , as Germany has provoked Russia , Britain, France invaded Poland started World War II . He knew what he was going.
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ReplyDeleteThe nazi regime existed in Germany 12 years, a half of them fell on participation in World War II which was tied with the help and active participation of nazis. The Nazi regime an extreme embodiment of the state, complete control and lack of a personal liberty, a regime which took place to mass terror. Even if for Germans it was an ideal regime, it was accompanied with aggressive foreign policy. It is a national socialism, which work for the good of the nation.
ReplyDeleteI am entirely in agreement with Meruert Tileubayeva that ‘Hitler's regime became as an instrument of mass murder, because expectations of Germany bright future became inaccessible’.
The policy which was carried out by the Nazis in Germany during the 30-ies was aimed at strengthening the Nazi party of fascism and of course to stabilize the socio-economic situation of the country, one of the main propaganda in the policy of the Nazis is the superiority of the German nation and the Aryan race over the other. I do not think that in the beginning of establishment, the Nazis were going masse to destroy people. so for what is still needed concentration camps for Nazi Germany? At the Beginning they were work camps, where used labour which were built throughout Germany mainly were political prisoners, the main aim of these camps was cleaning dissidents to create the ideal German-Aryan society, but when the war started to happen the most terrible events in history of 20th century : the camps of death, death March,, gas activities, I do not think that the main reason for all these events was an anihilaion of certain Nations or dissidents people, in these camps was also conducted medical experiments, the influence of chemical weapons, for example, it was necessary for someone to taste.I can not think of a reason for all these horrible moments,but the sequence of these events will affect many more centuries.
ReplyDeleteI agree with what was said above, that Hitler's regime has become an instrument of the "mass murder". As Hitler such goals for its country, yes and not only the country, but also of the entire world. But initially for its same Germany. Hitler had never mentioned the word "war". He had kept his country in the same way as before the war. If he would have thought that the internal policy in order, with the external side it has been accompanied by aggressiveness. Germany gained independence, but Hitler had expected a large from the country. However, expectations are crashed, and a bright future has become unavailable for Germany.
ReplyDeleteI am terribly sorry for my late answer, I cannot understand the question, but after writing an esse, I suppose I understand. Radicalistaion it is when all the people live with one ideology. So, one of the radicalisation was Nazi Regime. Nazi Regime was an ideology from which all German people addicted I can say. According to the film "The Triumph of the Will", when people saw Hitler they are very happy, screeching from the happinees of the view of Hitler's cortage.
ReplyDeleteTo tell "Jews question", Germans did not like Jews. Hitler in his speech said: "Jews are not people, they are viruses". According to the P. Fritzsche, Jews were mindervertige, people who has not a certain residence. The view to Jews was anti-Semitism. The main thing is that Germans did not determine Jews by nation, they determined them by worship. In the Third Reich 11 million people were non Germans. The genocide action started in November 9-10, 1938. This action happened to kill the other nations. Then in November 9 happened Kristallnacht. It was a night, which caused to kill Jews. So, we can obviously see that they did not like Jews.
I am sorry for the late, but it's better late than never, isn't it?
ReplyDeleteRadicalisation in its own way became a mass murder, especially with starting of the War. In 1939 under German control were about 2 million Polish Jews, and German government adopted a plan about total emigration of Jews. In the end of the War they adopted the plan, named Endlösung der Judenfrage, which meant the mass extermination of the Jewish population.
It was the "first step" of Nazi supremacy around all over the world, i think. But not every step can lead you to the victory, but always every step brings inevitable consequences. And this uncontrolled power of Nazi spirit could no longer be controlled by Hitler.
In 1934 there were 4 million Germans in the country. In order to be pure German person, they should have had German ancertor from 1750, they had to find right wife, had to bring up a child, had to prey under Christianity laws and lead a good lifestyle.
ReplyDeleteEugenics - is the belief and practice of improving the genetic quality of the human population. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics) Criminology was under influence of eugenics.
Let us talk about Third Reich. The entire purpose of the regime- is to propagade German nation. Hitler`s Anti- Semitism was a biological anti- Semitism. Hitler said that Jews were virus, who devoured Germans. They were not Homo sapiens, but something another. They began to make passports, which confirm that a German`s father and grandfathers were German. Such certificates were hung up even on gates of houses. People with smaller values were named Minderwertige ( Asocials). They were homeless, they did not have a wish to work, community alients, homosexsuals, those who could not accept fascist laws. Germany sterilized such kind of people by castrating them. They had to prevent the multiplication of Minderwertiges. For example, 4500 people were sterilized between 1900 and 1945 in America. In contrast to Germany, 45000 people were victims.
Euthanasia - refers to the practice of intentionally ending a life in order to relieve pain and suffering. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia) People with difficult behavior were under euthanasia. Mentally handicapped ones and ill people were collected all over Germany and were killed with carbon monoxide. 70000 people were killed by this way. German society was resented by these actions, and in 1941 people began to make communities against euthanasia. I suppose, after such meetings it was the first time when Nazis went to backtrack.
Real life began only in 1953, things were logical and fair. All that happened before 1953 was a nightmare. People lived and slept with permanent fear. 1945th were a horrible times for them, they could not talk about it, it defies description. Nazis thought that they do things in scientific rules. Actually, no race exists. 17000 people were exterminated, nobody shooted them, they were being gased. Euthanasia supported the idea of Nazism in Germany.
In 1937 a Jew student killed a minor German diplomat. It becomes a subtext to all German prefaces. 20000 people were in concentration camps. They began their existence from 1937 and covered whole Europe. A policy of how to get rid of Jews began. About 2 million nongermans were forced to work for the Germany. People who had not a choice, who had not any job were called betrayers.
As I have understood, the question is “Causes of Radicalization of the Nazi regime”, and this is what I will try to clear in the following few lines. Radicalization of the Nazi Regime happened after The First World War. After the former finished, the whole nation was crashed, and now being in logical consequences (debts) Germen had a particular fears, and the one, who tried to disperse them, was Hitler. The interesting point is that Hitler was scared by the similar problems, but fears usually force people to move in the different directions. Actually, such a anti-semitic organizations with certain ideas existed much earlier, but they were not official, approximately in the year of 1880. Later, Hitler joined this movement too. Furthermore, he turned this idea turned to ideal. He had a strategy, it was about integrating people against the common enemy. It worked fast, this idea spread quickly, because of the fears, I mentioned in the beginning.
ReplyDeleteNazi party believed that Jews were one who is guilty in Germany’s loss of the First World War. They (Nazi party) even created Stab-in-the-back myth to show that Jews (and not only them) were living obstacles on Germany’s way to success. May be that is why no one protested when Hitler and all his followers started "cleansing" Germany from “undesirable elements” in order to create Ideal Germany. That was probably the first stage of the beginning another greater and horrendous war.
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